Issue
August to September 2000

PRIME MINISTER MORI OF JAPAN ASSURES HELP FOR POPULATION PROGRAMME

(From left) Ms. Girija Vyas, MP; Mr. Yoshiro Mori, PM of Japan; Mr. Manmohan Sharma, Executive Secretary, IAPPD; Mrs. Ranee Narah, MP; Mr. Shin Sakurai, former Chairman, AFPPD, Ms. Sakata (Interpreter); Dr. Vallabhbhai Kathiria, Minister for Heavy Industries of India

New Delhi – The Prime Minister of Japan, Mr. Yoshiro Mori, sprang a surprise on a group of parliamentarians when he turned up unscheduled at a dinner meeting hosted by the Indian Association of Parliamentarians on Population and Development (IAPPD), on 22nd August 2000, in New Delhi, India.

The dinner was hosted in honour of Mr. Shin Sakurai, former Minister and Former Chairman of the Asian Forum of Parliamentarians on Population and Development (AFPPD), accompanying Mr. Mori as a member of the delegation.

Informally addressing Indian parliamentarians, Mr. Mori said India and Japan can together make a great contribution on the issue of solving food and population problems, and meet the global challenge by cooperating with each other.

"I have been involved, taking interest, discussing and debating these problems with my colleagues in the Diet for many years now. Former leaders of Japan Mr. Kishi and Mr. Takeo Fukuda were fully taking the lead in this regard. Japan has shown concern over these issues from time to time," said Mr. Mori.

Referring to population, Mr. Sakurai assured all possible support to the population control programme and parliamentary movement in India.

The IAPPD has been involved for the past 20 years in sensitizing elected representatives from panchayat to Parliament level, and has been assigned a project to organize interaction with these representatives on reproductive health, child health care, women’s empowerment and HIV/AIDS by the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) and the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.

Mr. Lakshman Singh, MP, Vice-Chairman of AFPPD, thanked the Japanese delegation for their support. Others who spoke on the occasion were Dr. Balram Jhakar; Mr. Shivraj Patil, both Former Speakers; Prof. P. J. Kurien; Dr. Ballabhbhai Kathiriya, Minister of State for Heavy Industries; and Mr. N. T. Shanmugam, Union Minister for Coal.

UNFPA State of World Population Report 2000

THE PRICE OF INEQUALITY AMONG MEN AND WOMEN IS TOO HIGH. UNFPA World Population Report 2000

This year’s State of World Population Report has a very simple message. It could be summed up as "the price of inequality is too high too pay," says Dr. Nafis Sadik, Executive Director, United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA).

The Report distils a vast quantity of evidence. It shows that in countries all over the world, gender inequality, discrimination and violence are holding back not only women but men: not only families but communities and whole nations. This is a massive global violation of human rights, but it also has many practical and malign consequences. One of them is continued unwanted high fertility and rapid population growth among some of the world’s poorest people. Another is the rapid spread of HIV infection.

The Report says that partnerships are needed between governments and non-governmental organizations; among governments, civil society and the international bodies; among countries north and south, rich and poor; and between individual men and women. These partnerships point the way towards an end to gender discrimination and violence, towards a more equal place for women in the family and in the world, towards a way to contain the AIDS crisis to achieve slower and more balanced population growth and fight poverty.

The Report points out that gender inequality, discrimination and violence are still the rule rather than the exception in most societies.

• One woman in three will experience violence during her lifetime, most often at the hands of someone she knows.

• About a third of all pregnancies, some 80 million a year, are unintended or unwanted.

• Family Planning use in developing countries should rise by 42 per cent in the next 15 years to keep pace with population growth and increasing demand; but resources for reproductive health are far less than what is needed, or what international conferences have agreed.

• Some 500,000 women die each year as a result of pregnancy, and many times that number suffer disease or disability.

• For social as well as physical reasons women are much more vulnerable to the HIV infection than men: in Africa HIV-positive women now outnumber men by 2 million.

• Some 2 million girls under 15 are forced into the sex trade each year.

• Trafficking for sexual purposes is the fastest-growing area of organized crime.

Gender inequality and discrimination violate the human rights of men as well as women and damages prospects for development in all countries.

This situation can change – indeed it must change. There has been a notable improvement in recent years; family planning use has gone up and family size has gone down; the proportion of births with a trained person in attendance has been rising. Offences against women such as female genital mutilation and honour killings are universally condemned, and are under attack in many countries. Most importantly for the future, ending gender inequality and discrimination is on the international agenda and increasingly forms part of national policy. Gender equality and empowerment are taking their rightful place in the discussion about human rights and human security in an era of globalization.

Men’s behaviour as well as women’s is often conditioned by expectations which are no longer relevant in a changing world. Merely stigmatizing men’s behaviuor is not productive: what works is to encourage dialogue and discussion. The Report shows that gender stereotypes hold back mutual understanding even within the family: when partners communicate rather than making assumption, they often find that they have a common view. For example, studies show that men and women want the same number of children, though each partner may assume that the other wants more. Discussion leads to smaller, healthier and happier families.

Comprehensive document

Mr. Colin Hollis MP, Secretary General of AFPPD, said that the UNFPA State of World Report is the most comprehensive summary of today’s state of the world population with in-depth analyses of several countries and issues. He recommended that parliamentarians interested in gender issues read and keep the report as reference. Copies of the State of World Population Report 2000 can be obtained from local UNFPA Offices or contact the AFPPD, Bangkok.

UNFPA Publications in Japanese

The Asian Population and Development Association (APDA), a close associate of AFPPD, has been translating UNFPA’s Publications and Reports into Japanese. APDA has recently translated "UNFPA Experience in Implementation the Beijing Platform for Action". The Japanese version of this publication can be obtained either from the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) or APDA (E-mail: apdatyoj@gol.com).

Philippines/Japan

PLCPD’S CHAIR CALLS FOR MORE WOMEN’S PARTICIPATION

Manila – Congresswoman Luwalhati Antonino, Chair of the Philippine Legislators’ Committee on Population and Development Foundation, Inc (PLCPD), made a strong plea for more women’s participation at the release of the UNFPA State of World Population Report on 20th September 2000.

Ms. Antonino was delighted that this year’s report focuses on gender, an issue that has become a byword, yet, also one of the most misunderstood. Central to this misunderstanding is the notion that gender issues are exclusively women’s issues and concerns, which is not. Even the State of World Population Report 2000 emphasizes that understanding gender issues means understanding opportunities, constraints and impact of changes as they affect the lives of both men and women.

The proponents of the Integrated Population and Development Act in the Philippines recognize that our population programme and the delivery of reproductive health services sorely need a woman-centred approach, an approach that is sensitive to women’s needs and encompasses a woman’s total sense of well-being, and one that goes beyond health care delivery system and fertility regulation to also involve an tip-grading of women’s overall status.

The objective conditions that spurred us to introducing the Integrated Population and Development Act remains. Ms. Antonino said that population growth is still a serious concern for our government and our citizens; it threatens our natural environment and pressures us in government to meet escalating needs for social services such as housing, employment opportunities, health care, and education. Our economic development, coupled with our socio-cultural development, continues to lag behind.

The Report recognizes the special role played by parliamentarians in advancing population, gender, reproductive health and development concerns. To stress the point further, the quality of legislation we pass provides touch stones in determining the level of our response to ending inequities, to making women visible.

The 11th Philippines Congress acted upon various measures intended to curb, if not totally eliminate, gender inequity and exploitation. Apart from the Integrated Population and Development Act, the Lower House passed on third reading the Anti-trafficking in Women and Children Act, and the Solo Parents Act. These pieces of legislation are very important in as much as they provide support for women in various difficult circumstances.

Ms. Antonino said that we are currently deliberating and attempting to unify two bills that are essentially meant to punish violence against women. The first is the Anti-Domestic Violence act as reflected in HB 5080 and SB 0292, and an Act Penalizing Abuse of women in Intimate Relations or HB 6750.

To strengthen women’s participation in governance and in bureaucracy, we are also batting for the passage of an Act Providing for Women Empowerment (HB 0946), which would reserve certain portions of appointive positions in government to women.

She added that I would like to share the findings of the political mapping research study made by PLCPD. One of the major findings is that women legislators actually support population, gender, reproductive health and human development legislation more than our male counterparts do. This made me wonder why we are not putting more female lawmakers in Congress.

CHINESE MEETS JAPANESE PARLIAMENTARIANS

Tokyo - Japan Parliamentarians Federation for Population (JPFP) officers had a luncheon with Chinese delegation headed by Mr. Zhang Weiqing, the Minister of State Family Planning Commission of China, on 18th October 2000.

The delegates were invited to Japan by the Japanese Organization for International Cooperation in Family Planning, Inc. (JOICFP) from 17th to 24th October to observe a nursing home, public health institutes in Japan, and also made a courtesy call to the Minister of Health and welfare of Japan.

Japan

HIGH LEVEL SEMINAR ON SOUTH-TO-SOUTH COLLABORATION

Tokyo – The High Level Policy-Makers Seminar on South-to-South Collaboration was held at the United Nations University, Tokyo, Japan, on 11th and 12th September 2000. The event was jointly organized by 2050 (an NGO based in Japan) and the United Nations Development Programme, Tokyo, in collaboration with the Partners in Population and Development and the David and Lucile Packard Foundation.

This seminar was participated by high-level government officials from Japan, India, Pakistan, Indonesia and the Philippines. Others present were H.E. Mr. Anwaral Karim Chowdhury, Permanent Representative of Bangladesh to the United Nations; Mr. Kunio Waki, Deputy Executive Director, UNFPA; Mr. Colin Hollis MP (Australia), Secretary General, AFPPD; Mr. Balla Musa Silla, Executive Director, Partners in Population and Development; Mr. Steven Kraus, Programme and External Relations Adviser, UNAIDS Bangkok; Congresswoman Daisy Avance-Fuentes from the Philippines; Mr. Arthur Anae, MP from New Zealand, and Mr. Shiv Khare, Executive Director, AFPPD.

This seminar was a follow-up of the international seminar conducted in July last year in Tokyo, entitled "South-to-South Cooperation into the Twenty-First Century: Meeting Reproductive Health, Population and Development Challenges in Africa and Asia." This year’s seminar focused on the policy-makers’ roles and challenges in the realization of the ICPD+5 targets and goals: Review of ICPD Implementation and Resources Mobilization; Policies, Programmes and Services for Young People; Policies, Programmes and Services to Meeting the Challenges of HIV/AIDS; Policies and Programmes on Gender; and Partners Programme for Training Opportunities and Fellowships in Asia.

It was also a useful exercise to serve the propose of promoting and generating effective support among parliamentarians, influential opinion leaders, government officials, and NGOs or civil society organizations representatives in Japan, who are involved in population programmes and activities relating to South-to-South cooperation.

IPPF PRESIDENT MEETS WITH JAPANESE PARLIAMENTARIANS

Tokyo – Mrs. Angela Gomez, the new President of the International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF), met Japan Parliamentarians Federation for Population (JPFP) members, led by Dr. Taro Nakayama, Chairman of JPFP, and Mr. Shin Sakurai, then Executive Director of JPFP, in Tokyo, Japan in April 2000, to discuss Family Planning and Reproductive Health/Rights.

MONGOLIAN PARLIAMENTARIANS TO VISIT JAPAN

Tokyo – The Asian Population and Development Association (APDA), Japan, has invited Mongolian parliamentarians to Japan and will host them in Japan from 12th to 17th November 2000. The members of the Mongolian delegation are: Mr. Sanjbegziyn Tumur-Ochir, MP, Head of the Delegation and Majority leader in the Parliament; Mrs. Togsjargal Gandi, MP, Chairperson of Standing Committee on social Policy; Mr. Erden Gombojav, MP, Mr. Derjee Tseveenjav, MP; and Mr. Nyamjav Sodonomdorj, MP. The delegates are also members of the Mongolian People’s Revolution Party and the National Committee on Population and Development, Standing Committee on Social Policy.

AFPPD’S NEW CHAIRMAN

Mr. Yoshio Yatsu, MP from Japan, has become the new Chairman of AFPPD since August 2000, succeeding Mr. Shin Sakurai who could not make it to the Parliament in the recent elections in Japan.

Mr. Yatsu also holds the positions of Acting Chairman, Policy Research Council, LDP; President, Global Legislators’ Organization for a Balanced Environment (GLOBE) Japan; and Executive Director and Chairman of Subcommittee on International Cooperation, Japan Parliamentarians Federation for Population (JPFP). He was the Senior State Minister for Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries from October 1999 to July 2000.

Malaysia

SABAH STATE SEMINAR ON HIV/AIDS

Sabah – AFPPD Malaysia in cooperation with the United Nations Populations Fund (UNFPA) and UNAIDS organized a one-day seminar on 6th October 2000 on the Impact of HIV/AIDS on the Nation’s Socio-Economic Development in the State of Sabah, Malaysia.

A total of 157 participants attended the Seminar. The participants included three Ministers; two Deputy Ministers from the Chief Minister’s Office; Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the State Assembly; Members of the State Assembly: Parliamentarians and Senators; local community leaders: schools Principals, Counsellors, Chairmen Parent/Teachers Associations; and 37 students from Institute of Higher Leanings of Sabah.

The Chief Minister in his opening address called on all the State Assemblymen, Parliamentarians and local community leaders to play their role in creating awareness among the people on the impact of HIV/AIDS in Sabah.

He said the disease cold have a negative impact on the nation’s economic growth but this is yet to be fully understood by many which explains why many have not been bothered about it compared with other countries.

Mr. Steven J Kraus, Programme and External Relations Adviser of UNAIDS, Bangkok, addressed participants and gave them insight on various aspects of HIV/AIDS, including infections and treatments.

SINGAPORE PAYS PARENT TO HAVE MORE CHILDREN

The Singapore Government is to spend millions of dollars to persuade the country’s population to have more children. The venture was announced on Sunday by Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong who said the state’s future prosperity was threatened unless its population could be augmented by more children and new immigrants.

The $1.8 billion package called "Baby Bonus" will reward parents of a second child by putting $3000 into a joint savings account and match deposits by the parents of up to $600 a year. The same amount will be paid until the child’s 6th birthday. If parents have a third child, benefits will be doubled and mothers will receive two months’ fully paid maternity leave. The present fertility rate of 1.5 children per woman is far below the minimum 2.1 level needed to replace the population.

BRITISH PARAMENTARIAN FIRST TO TEST AIDS VACCINE

A Liberal Democrat Member of Parliament became the first to take part in clinical trials of an AIDS vaccine that scientists hope will save millions of lives, report British newspapers and the BBC. Even Harris, a former general practitioner, said he was neither brave nor heroic for becoming the first to be injected. "it is unlikely there will be any side-effects and there is absolutely no danger of it giving me HIV," he added. The vaccine, developed at Oxford and Nairobi universities, is the first to be specifically designed to target HIV1. The aim is to stimulate the body to produce killer T-cells fast enough to prevent infection taking hold. It is expected to be up to five years before it is discovered whether the vaccine is effective and a further five before it could be marketed.

Australasia

PARLIAMENTARIANS’ ACTIVITIES OF AUSTRALIA ALL-PARTY GROUP ON POPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT

During the past three years, the Australian Group on Population and Development enjoed a steady growth and currently almost one quarter of Members of the Federal Parliament are its members.

The group is chaired by Dr. Brendan Nelson MP, Vice Chairs are Senator Rosemary Crowley and Senator Vicki Bourne and the Secretary is the Hon Colin Hollis.

• A Parliamentarians Study Visit of Thailand and Vietnam

• A Parliament House Dinner Meeting with parliamentarians for Dr Hirofumi Ando of UNFPA

• A Conference "Health for all into the 21st Century" Parliament House

• A Parliament House Breakfast with parliamentarians for Sara Hyde, European Parliamentary Group

• A Parliament House Seminar addressed by Mr Mechai Viravaidya and Prof Dr Prasop Ratanakorn, then Secretary General of AFPPD

• Development and launch in Australia and New Zealand of the Briefing Pack on Development for Parliamentarians

• A Meeting with Dr Goh regarding Fistula Hospital in Ethiopia

• A Parliament Study Visit of the pacific (Vanuatu and Fiji)

Particular interests have been the study visits, which have exposed Australian Parliamentarians to the realities of development issues in Asia and the Pacific.

The group benefits from opportunities to meet with visitors such as Sarah Hyde, from the All Party Group in the European Parliament, Prof Dr Prasop Ratanakorn from the Asian Forum of Parliamentarians on Population and Development (AFPPD) and other distinguished guests such as Margaret Cately-Carlson from the Population Council, Hirofumi Ando from UNFPA and Ingar Brueggemann from IPPF. Australian parliamentarians gain an understanding of concerns and approaches other Governments are taking through these meetings. The group continues to receive secretarial support from the Reproductive Health Alliance.

POPULATION REPORT LAUNCHED IN NEW ZEALAND

Wellington – Ms Steve Chadwick, Chair of the New Zealand Parliamentarians’ Group on Population and Development, hosted the launch of the United Nations Population Fund’s (UNFPA) Report "The State of World Population 2000" at Parliament on 20 September. The report documents the high toll of gender inequality.

In her speech, Ms Chadwick noted that while New Zealand has just marked 107 years of women having the right to vote, sadly in at least eight countries women are still not allowed to vote, and 12 countries have no women in Parliament.

Guest speakers at the launch were Ms Catherine Pierce, Director, UNFPA CST, Fiji, and the Hon Matt Robson, Associate Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade, with responsibility for Official Development Assistance.

ODA MINISTERS MEETS WITH MPS OF NZ GROUP

Wellington – The Hon Matt Robson, Associate Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade, with responsibility for Official Development Assistance, attended a recent meeting of the New Zealand Parliamentarians’ Group on Population and Development. Together with officials from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, members discussed the focus of New Zealand’s overseas aid to Pacific Island nations. Members stressed the need for a stronger focus on basic education, especially for girls and women. The Minister said that the Government supports access to universal education and that a major internal review of education and training is currently underway.

AFPPD’S SECRETARY GENERAL BUSY WITH ADVOCATING POPULATION ISSUES

Mr. Colin Hollis, MP (Australia), Secretary General of the Asian Forum of Parliamentarians on Population and Development (AFPPD), has been a very busy individual.

· In May 2000, he attended the Millennium Forum held at the United Nations Headquarters in New York. The Forum was a particularly useful meeting emphasizing the work of civil societies drawing attention of governments to the urgency of implementing the commitments they have made. "This is especially important in the work of population and development," says Mr. Hollis.

· He was at the HIV/AIDS Meeting in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia in July. In a paper presented at this meeting, he emphasized that HIV/AIDS is a challenge that legislators have to face. While in Malaysia, he met with Ms. Napsiah Bini Omar, MP (Malaysia), Deputy Secretary General of AFPPD.

· In August, he met with the new Chairman of AFPPD, Mr. Yoshio Yatsu in Tokyo on his way to New York and made himself familiar with the staff and work of the Japan Parliamentarians Federation for population (JPFP) and the Asian Population and Development Association (APDA).

· Mr. Hollis represented AFPPD at the 53rd Annual Department of Public Information/Non Government Organization (DPI/NGO) Conference, "Global Solidarity: The Way to Peace and International Cooperation" at the United Nations Headquarters in New York from 28th to 30th August 2000. The Conference provided a forum for representatives of non-governmental organization (NGOs), the United Nations system and Governments to explore concrete ways in which civil society can work with the United Nations and Governments to implement the action plans that had been agreed upon during the major United Nations and NGO Conferences of the 1990s. The Conference was organized by the DPI in cooperation with the Executive Committee of Non-Governmental Organizations associated with DPI.

· He attended a High Level policy Makers Seminar on South-to-South Collaboration at the UN University in Tokyo, Japan on 11th to 12th September 2000 and delivered a paper on the Role Played by Parliamentarians on ICPD Follow-up.

· Having been appointed Parliamentary Adviser to the Australian Mission to the United Nations, Mr. Hollis attended the World Leaders Summit. Many of the issues AFPPD has been involved with including Population, Development, Food Security, Safe Drinking Water and HIV/AIDS, were raised by many of the 154 Heads of state and Heads of Government attending this World Summit.

According to Mr. Hollis, his time in New York is enabling him to meet with many people involved in population and development issues, such as officials from UNDP, UNFPA and many others. He recently delivered to the united Nations, Australia’s Report on the International Year of the Elderly.

UK CHAIR VISITS NEW ZEALAND

Wellington - Ms Chris McCafferty MP, Chair of the UK All-Party Parliamentary Group on Population, Development and Reproductive Health, was the guest speaker at the September meeting of the New Zealand Parliamentarians’ Group on Population and Development.

Ms McCafferty outlined some of the activities of the UK Group and members were particularly interested in the success of Parliamentary Hearings.

There was also discussion on the role of the Commonwealth, an important forum for extending the UK Group’s work. Ms McCafferty outlined plans to establish a Commonwealth Parliamentary Forum on Population, Development and Reproductive Health to replicate their work on a Commonwealth level.

INTER-AMERICAN PARLIAMENTARIANS GROUP

Inter-American Parliamentary Group on Population and Development’s (IAPG) has new Board of Directors:
            

• President: Ms. Billie A. Miller (MP and Deputy Prime Minister, Barbados)
• Vice Presidents: Ms Balbina Herrera (MP Panama); Ms Jean Augustine (MP Canada); Ms Maria Elvira Salles Ferreira (MP Brazil);Mr Rubn Fernandez Aceves (MP Mexico)
• Treasurer: Mr. Alvaro Alonso (Minister of Labor and Social Security, Uruguay)
• Executive Coordinator: Mr. Hernan Sanhueza
• Project Officer: Ms.Carla Rivera-Avi

IAPG conducted a parliamentarians’ meeting Guatemala on 24th October 2000.

Canada

CANADIAN PARLIAMENTARIANS ON WORLD POPULATION DAY

Ottawa – The Canadian Association of Parliamentarians on Population and Development (CAPPD), joined with domestic and international non-governmental organizations and civil society around the world in commemorating World Population Day.

World Population Day, July 11, was designated by the United Nations in 1989 to raise awareness of the interrelationship between population and sustainable development. This year’s public awareness theme is, "Saving Women’s Lives." It builds upon the International Conference on Population and Development Programme of Action which calls for "the advancement of gender equality and equity, the empowerment of women, the elimination of all kinds of violence against women, and women’s ability to control their own fertility as cornerstones of population and development programmes."

"Respecting women’s rights and autonomy is essential to saving their lives," said Ms. Augustine, Co-chair of CAPPD.

Canada’s official development assistance has been steadily on the decline over the past 30 years. The United Nations has set a target of 0.7 percent of GNP for ODA among OECD countries. This target is far from being realized.

Though Canada can be credited for making a small and positive step in the international assistance envelope in Budget 1999, 2.51 billion or 0.29 percent of GNP. This envelope, however, is expected to decline to 0.27 percent of GNP in 2000 if there is no increase.

With this Pre-budget Round table the CAPPD is building on past efforts to reverse the downward trend in Canada’s ODA by working with civil society and parliamentarians.

The Co-chairs have been meeting with their colleagues and are advocating for change. The issue has been raised with the Prime Minister, the Finance Minister, the Minister Responsible for International Cooperation, the Speakers of the House of Commons and Senate as well as with key policy advisors.

Joining the CAPPD at the roundtable was the Honourable Jim Peterson, Secretary of State for International Financial Institutions who is very much involved in the budgetary process.

With twenty three representatives from various organizations at the discussion, Minister Peterson heard about what can be done to rebuild Canada’s ODA.

A number of key recommendations were offered. International Financial Institutions are key players in ODA. Canada should examine ways in which IFI’s can become more involved in the ODA process. For example, they could be required to finance more programs and focus more on governments official development assistance.

"Societies can fulfil their responsibilities to all citizens when there is a concerted effort, a strong determination to stop violence against women, to allow women, especially the girl-child, to have equal access to education, and to allow women to make decisions freely about their sexual and reproductive health."

"Emancipating women from gender discrimination and inequality saves lives and holds women in high esteem. This is a goal we must all strive for in championing and protecting women’s human rights," commented Ms. Augustine.

The Canadian Association of Parliamentarians on Population and Development is an all-party group with a mandate to raise national awareness of population and development issues and to influence and shape public policy decisions consistent with commitments made by the Canadian government at international conferences and in Canadian Foreign Policy.

CAPPD 1ST ANNIVERSARY FORUM

The Canadian Association of Parliamentarians on Population and Development (CAPPD) held its First Anniversary Forum "Adolescents Reproductive Health and Children’s Nutrition" in April 2000.